Recently I did some very simple benchmarking of the CPU and disk drives on a few of my Linux PC’s and a Raspberry Pi. This was a quick test to see how all of the machines compare.
CPU: I went for some very simple tests of the CPU performance under a load, calculating Pi. The code is not the best at calculating pi, it is just there to exercise the processor(s) and provide some standard piece of executable code that can be tried on multiple machines. When the pi code runs it will use the processor at close to 100% when viewed using top.
13502 erick 20 0 2784 1964 1112 R 98.8 0.4 0:36.13 arm_pi
There are programs available that are better at calculating a lot of digits of pi, fast. An example is Hyper Pi for Windows that will certainly calculate Pi to many more digits in a given period of time than the pi shown in this post program can.
DISKS: To test disk speeds. I used a simple writing and reading out of the bitbucket ( /dev/null) to disk and noting the speeds displayed.
CPU Benchmarking
CPU benchmarking was done by running an executable that calculates Pi to an arbitrary number of digits. Below is the link to the C file which is easily compiled for the target machine. I downloaded this from the net, from this page… http://www.overclockers.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-402437.html
pi.c
For a Linux machine or the Raspberry Pi, downloading the file and executing…
gcc -o pi pi.c
or
gcc -o pi pi.c -lm
As the original post states. The -l means link a library. The m means the math library. I don’t think it is necessary???
…will create the executable pi.
To run in the directory it was create just call pi with an argument of the number of digits to calculate, for example Pi to 1000 digits is calculated via…
./pi 1000
The ./ in front of the program name is needed if you are executing the program from the directory that you are in, or else Linux will go off searching through the path for programs named pi. If you have created a bin directory under your home folder you can put pi, or any executable code there and run it from other directories on the machine by just calling the program without the ./
Run of Pi program for 1000 digits
Approximation of PI to 1000 digits
3.1415926535 8979323846 2643383279 5028841971 6939937510 5820974944
5923078164 0628620899 8628034825 3421170679 8214808651 3282306647
0938446095 5058223172 5359408128 4811174502 8410270193 8521105559
6446229489 5493038196 4428810975 6659334461 2847564823 3786783165
2712019091 4564856692 3460348610 4543266482 1339360726 0249141273
7245870066 0631558817 4881520920 9628292540 9171536436 7892590360
0113305305 4882046652 1384146951 9415116094 3305727036 5759591953
0921861173 8193261179 3105118548 0744623799 6274956735 1885752724
8912279381 8301194912 9833673362 4406566430 8602139494 6395224737
1907021798 6094370277 0539217176 2931767523 8467481846 7669405132
0005681271 4526356082 7785771342 7577896091 7363717872 1468440901
2249534301 4654958537 1050792279 6892589235 4201995611 2129021960
8640344181 5981362977 4771309960 5187072113 4999999837 2978049951
0597317328 1609631859 5024459455 3469083026 4252230825 3344685035
2619311881 7101000313 7838752886 5875332083 8142061717 7669147303
5982534904 2875546873 1159562863 8823537875 9375195778 1857780532
1712268066 1300192787 6611195909 2164201989
Calculations Completed!
Time: 1 seconds
It is possible to run this program to see how the various machines that you own and compare the CPU performance by using the pi program.
Minimal Boot
More advanced benchmarking of a machine would involve trying to boot using a disk that would allow only the command line and a minimal amount of background stuff to load. I might try this at some point to see what difference it makes. I would try to boot from a Ultimate Boot CD (UBCD) and then go into the mode that loads the minimal Linux boot and somehow get pi.c loaded via USB stick maybe? It would be an experiment!
For more advanced testing that runs outside of the OS it is possible to run the code included on the UBCD, for example the for a any machine that will boot from CD. The CD contains a suite of benchmarking, testing and stress testing tools, in addition to other tools for working with a hard drive and unlocking machines.
Pi Benchmarking Script
For benchmarking I close out of all applications that are running and open one terminal to execute the pi program.
Code
Below is code for a script file that will run the pi program,looping it multiple times, calculating the results for 1000,2000,4000,8000,16000,32000,64000,128000 and 256000 digits. I wanted to see if there would be any noticeable variations in the time to calculate various amounts of digits among the machines. I didn’t notice much of a deviation when I lined up plots of the various machines. They were all nominally nearly a constant multiple of speeds across the multiple levels of pi calculation
The script creates two temporary files cols.txt that lists the number of digits it has run up to. Additionally a file called results.txt captures the amount of time that it took to calculate the corresponding number of digits.
#! /bin/bash
rm cols.txt
rm results.txt
DIR=/home/erick/pi
x=1000
while [ $x -le 300000 ]; do
echo $x
echo $x >> cols.txt
$DIR/pi $x > temp.txt
tail -n 1 temp.txt >> results.txt
x=$(( $x * 2 ))
done;
Results of the Pi Benchmarking Script
Raspberry Pi Model B, single core CPU at 700MHz
Time: 1 seconds
Time: 1 seconds
Time: 5 seconds
Time: 21 seconds
Time: 86 seconds
Time: 352 seconds
Time: 1438 seconds
Time: 5835 seconds
Time: 23507 seconds
Dell Dimension 530-mt Xeon dual core processor at 2.4GHz
The machine has 1GB RAM and I don’t think that comes into play running this program. The pi program is only running on one of the cores in this example.
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 1 seconds
Time: 3 seconds
Time: 14 seconds
Time: 58 seconds
Time: 232 seconds
Time: 932 seconds
Time: 3741 seconds
Dell Dimension 2400: Pentium 4 single core at 2.4GHz
Nearly identical performance as the Dell Dimension. This machine has 1.5GB RAM.
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 1 seconds
Time: 4 seconds
Time: 13 seconds
Time: 56 seconds
Time: 223 seconds
Time: 898 seconds
Time: 3596 seconds
Suprise
I benchmarked two older laptops, an old Dell Inspiron (2003) running Ubuntu 10.04 and a not so old Toshiba Satellite A135 (2009), Mint 17 xfce, both 1.6GHz processors.
Pentium M on the Dell and Celeron M on the Toshiba. 333 and 533 MHz busses respectively. I thought that they would be fairly similar in performance but was pleasantly surprised to find the Toshiba was a decent amount faster than all of the other machines! This was a machine that had only 512MB RAM and ran Vista poorly and I almost scrapped it. Until I bought another stick of RAM and loaded Linux Mint 17 on it! It is like a miracle how much better it runs. It is a good test machine to try out Mint as I might consider it for a future desktop machine.
Dell Inspiron
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 1 seconds
Time: 3 seconds
Time: 13 seconds
Time: 54 seconds
Time: 276 seconds
Time: 1134 seconds
Time: 4526 seconds
Toshiba Satellite
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 0 seconds
Time: 2 seconds
Time: 7 seconds
Time: 30 seconds
Time: 164 seconds
Time: 692 seconds
Time: 2747 seconds
A ratio of 1.82 times faster, not bad at all.
Disk Benchmarking
Disk benchmarking was done by writing from the /dev/null bitbucket to disk, flushing caches and then reading back a 1GB file, discarding it into /dev/null.
Write Script
The follow code is copied into a script file ending in .sh and made executable using chmod +x filename, will write 1GB of zeros to a file named after the of=.
#!/bin/bash
dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/erick/testfile-1024x1M bs=1M count=1024
Read Script
The following code is copied into a script file ending in .sh and made executable using chmod +x filename. This script will read back the file created by the write script, dumping it into the null device. It will read it back in 8k blocks.
#!/bin/bash
dd if=/home/erick/testfile-1024x1M of=/dev/null bs=8k
Flush Caches
In order to test the disk if the RAM on the the machine is sufficiently large and the write operation leaves the written data it in the cache, you need to flush the cache in order to have the machine actually read it from disk. Linux is pretty clever about using RAM that is not doing anything, not already in use for programs and OS, for a disk read/write cache. I remember in the old days of DOS that there were a number of these utility programs that could be loaded that would use some RAM as a cache, effectively Linux does the same thing natively.
Take the following code, copy into a file ending in .sh, such as flush-caches.sh and make executable via the chmod +x filename command and then run it between writing and reading the disk.
#!/bin/bash
sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
Example Results
These disk write and read utilities can be used to test harddrives, USB sticks, SD cards, RAM Drives (effectively tests RAM speed) and so forth. It even can be used to test the network speed when a drive is mounted using NFS ( or using rsync, scp or sftp ) as this will usually be the speed constraint and not the drive R/W speed.
Dell Dimension 530-mt Primary Hard Drive
Write
erick@Precision-WorkStation-530-MT:~/bin$ ./harddrive-write-test.sh
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 24.0374 s, 44.7 MB/s
Read
erick@Precision-WorkStation-530-MT:~/bin$ ./harddrive-read-test-8k.sh
131072+0 records in
131072+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 25.3427 s, 42.4 MB/s
Toshiba Satellite A135
Write
erick@erick-Satellite-A135 ~/bin $ ./harddrive-write-test.sh
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 36.6714 s, 29.3 MB/s
Read
erick@erick-Satellite-A135 ~/bin $ ./harddrive-read-test-8k.sh
131072+0 records in
131072+0 records out
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 35.093 s, 30.6 MB/s
Old, circa 1998 machine, 4GB primary Hard Drive (/dev/sda) and 8GB Compact Flash card (/dev/sdb) Secondary drive
The interesting thing here besides just how slow the speeds are, is the fact that the CF card is actually faster than the hard drive. The drive is actually pretty loud on this machine as well. When CRON runs at the top of the hour, there is definitely a small burst of sound, enough to serve as a reminder of the time if you are in the same room as the machine. When you SSH into it, you can hear it grind away for about 2 seconds as it reconciles the password! I used this machine for remote monitoring before I had a Raspberry Pi, works good enough for that with it’s limited RAM and HD space. Now it is just a backup in case the Pi is down.
Disk /dev/sda: 4303 MB, 4303272960 bytes
Write: 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 144.733 s, 7.4 MB/s
Read: 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 138.498 s, 7.8 MB/s
Disk /dev/sdb: 8195 MB, 8195604480 bytes
Write: 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 91.4438 s, 11.7 MB/s
Read: 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 73.3132 s, 14.6 MB/s
Raspberry Pi SD Card
Using a shorter test via the following script to write…
#!/bin/bash
dd if=/dev/zero of=/home/erick/testfile-10000x8k bs=8k count=10000
and to read…
#!/bin/bash
dd if=/home/erick/testfile-10000x8k of=/dev/null bs=8k
Write To SD Card
erick@raspberrypi ~/bin $ ./sd-write-test.sh
10000+0 records in
10000+0 records out
81920000 bytes (82 MB) copied, 8.45663 s, 9.7 MB/s
Read Back from SD Card
erick@raspberrypi ~/bin $ ./sd-read-test-8k.sh
10000+0 records in
10000+0 records out
81920000 bytes (82 MB) copied, 4.38749 s, 18.7 MB/s
RAM Drive Performance
tmp on my Raspberry Pi is set up as a RAM Drive (RAMFS) on my Raspberry Pi. So this gives some indication of how fast the RAM can be wrote and read to.
Using the following write script…
#!/bin/bash
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/testfile-1000x8k bs=8k count=1000
and read script…
#!/bin/bash
dd if=/tmp/testfile-1000x8k of=/dev/null bs=8k
Write to RAMFS
erick@raspberrypi ~/bin $ ./ram-write-test.sh
1000+0 records in
1000+0 records out
8192000 bytes (8.2 MB) copied, 0.0458338 s, 179 MB/s
Read from RAMFS
erick@raspberrypi ~/bin $ ./ram-read-test-8k.sh
1000+0 records in
1000+0 records out
8192000 bytes (8.2 MB) copied, 0.0339184 s, 242 MB/s
end
